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Mechanics magazine
- Bandzählung
- N.S. 14=83.1865
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1865
- Sprache
- Englisch
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- A146
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- Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz
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- Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz
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- urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-db-id507363582-186500025
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- http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id507363582-18650002
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- oai:de:slub-dresden:db:id-507363582-18650002
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- Projekt: Bestände der Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz
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Zeitschrift
Mechanics magazine
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Band N.S. 14=83.1865
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt -
- Register Index I
- Register Illustrations to vol. XIV II
- Ausgabe July 7, 1865 1
- Ausgabe July 14, 1865 15
- Ausgabe July 21, 1865 31
- Ausgabe July 28, 1865 47
- Ausgabe August 4, 1865 63
- Ausgabe August 11, 1865 79
- Ausgabe August 18, 1865 95
- Ausgabe August 25, 1865 111
- Ausgabe September 1, 1865 127
- Ausgabe September 8, 1865 143
- Ausgabe September 15, 1865 159
- Ausgabe September 22, 1865 175
- Ausgabe September 29, 1865 191
- Ausgabe October 6, 1865 207
- Ausgabe October 13, 1865 227
- Ausgabe October 20, 1865 243
- Ausgabe October 27, 1865 259
- Ausgabe November 3, 1865 275
- Ausgabe November 10, 1865 291
- Ausgabe November 17, 1865 307
- Ausgabe November 24, 1865 323
- Ausgabe December 1, 1865 339
- Ausgabe December 8, 1865 355
- Ausgabe December 15, 1865 371
- Ausgabe December 22, 1865 387
- Ausgabe December 29, 1865 403
- Ausgabe No. 2127 I
- Ausgabe No. 2127 [2128] I
- Ausgabe No. 2129 I
- Ausgabe No. 2130 I
- Ausgabe No. 2131 I
- Ausgabe No. 2132 I
- Ausgabe No. 2133 I
- Ausgabe No. 2134 I
- Ausgabe No. 2135 I
- Ausgabe No. 2136 I
- Ausgabe No. 2137 I
- Ausgabe No. 2138 I
- Ausgabe No. 2139 I
- Ausgabe No. 2140 I
- Ausgabe No. 2141 I
- Ausgabe No. 2142 I
- Ausgabe No. 2143 I
- Ausgabe No. 2144 I
- Ausgabe No. 2145 I
- Ausgabe No. 2146 I
- Ausgabe No. 2147 I
- Ausgabe No. 2148 I
- Ausgabe No. 2149 I
- Ausgabe No. 2150 I
- Ausgabe No. 2151 I
- Ausgabe No. 2152 I
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Band N.S. 14=83.1865
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THE MECHANICS’ MAGAZINE. LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 28, 1865. THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. IHHE nows that has reached us since our last publication relating to this enter prise has been of a somewhat chequered character, but on the whole there seems at this time of writing great promise that we shall during the first or second week in August have the gratification of stating that Europe and America are again united. The first operations towards the submergence of the heavy shore end of the cable were not commenced until Friday, the 21st, on account of the delay which took place in the arrival of the steamer “Caroline,” which was very much detained on her voyage owing partly to the fact that in some respects she proved to be far from a satisfactory ship for the purpose, but more on account of the heavy weather and the dead weight of 600 tons in her hold, the unyielding immobility of such a freight being very objectionable in a rough sea ; and had it not fortunately happened that she fell in with the “ Groat Eastern,” which took her in tow during the last part of her voyage, it is highly probable that a much more serious detention would have resulted. As to the shore end it may be mentioned that it is, we believe, the strongest and heaviest yet constructed, while at the same time, owing to its peculiar structure, it is for so large a cable far from unwieldy, being a per fect marvel of flexibility. Its foundation or centre is the main cable. Around this is wound, up to a diameter of nearly 2in., a wrap or padding of tarred j ute yarn to serve as a foundation for the outer armour. This consists of twelve strands of galvanised iron wires, each strand consisting of three wires of the gatige No. 4. These strands are laid in a spiral direction round the padded main cable. The entire weight is 20 tons to the mile, and the strength sufficient to anchor a line of battle ship. The diameter over all is 3in. The end of this monster rope was landed at Foilhammon Bay on the south-western coast of the island of Valentia, at half-past ten a.m. on the 22nd, and sufficient of it was at once drawn ashore to reach to the t )p of the cliff, beneath Bray Head, and so on to the office of the company, which consists at present of a wooden erection improvised for the occasion for the accommodation of the Atlantic Com pany and of the Magnetic and International Companies, by -which latter companies the telegrams will bo brought to and convoyed from the public until the Atlantic Company can establish separate wires for their own busi ness from Yalentia to London and Liverpool, The cable is carried from the shore up a natural cleft in the rock, into which it will ultimately be bricked. The end having been stripped and brought into the office, signals wore soon established between the “ Caroline ” and the shore, when the continuity and insu lation were found to be all right, and signals by Morse’s printing instrument good. Until the completion of the submersion of the cable by the “ Great Eastern,” and satis factory proof that it is in proper order for transmitting messages, it is entirely in the hands of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, who have charge of the testing and every other operation con nected with it up to that period, the electri cian and other officers of the Atlantic Telegraph Company being merely present on board the paying-out ship for the purpose of -watching and reporting proceedings to the directors of that company. Their staff accordingly at once prepared to ascertain the electrical state of the shore end, when it gave a result of four hundred and fifty-eight millions of British Association units per nautical mile, which is much above the con tract standard, and is remarkably good con sidering .that this portion of the cable has been coiled away dry in the hold of the “ Caroline,” as it was not possible in her to keep it under water like the main cable on, board the “Great Eastern.” At 2 - 33 p.m., on the 22nd, the signal gun fired from the “Caroline” announced that she was com mencing to pay out the shore end. By 4 p.m. she had paid out about 8 miles; at 5 p.m. the contractors’ staff again took the insulation test, when it was found that owing to sub mersion in the cold sea water the insulation increased from four hundred and fifty-eight millions of units to six hundred and fifteen millions, and while on this point it may be mentioned that the test was taken again at 8 p.m., when the insulation had further in creased up to six hundred and ninety-nine millions of units, 12 miles being payed, out; again at 10 - 15, when a further increase up to one thousand and seven millions was observed, 21 miles having been payed out; again at 11‘20 p.m., when the insulation showed a still farther increase up to one thousand three hundred and twenty-six millions per nautical mile, after 23 miles had been payed out; all this improvement being due to the cooling of the gutta-percha after being submerged. At 11 ’30 on the same night the whole of the shore end had been payed out successfully, and by 9 a.m. on Sunday the 23rd, the “ Great Eastern ” arrived off Bray Head from Bantry Bay, where she had lain awaiting the com pletion of the work allotted to the ‘ ‘ Caroline,” and preparations were forthwith commenced for making the splice between the cable on board the “ Great Eastern ” and the extremity of the shore end. For effecting this object more readily the thick wires of the shore end commence to taper at about 500 yards from its completion, and continue to do so until the mass is brought down to nearly the size of the main cable. The end from the “ Great Eastern ” being lowered from her stern into the “ Caroline,” the operation of splicing com j menced, and the manufacture of the splice occupied from 2T5 to 4-30 p.m. This being done, a careful test was made from the shore of the whole 2,300 nautical miles, nowin cir cuit, when the whole was found to be in per fect order, and as regards insulation in a very high condition. The “ Great Eastern ” then fired a salute of three guns and entered upon her work of paying out. No conversation is allowed to go on between the ship and the shore during the process of submersion, unless indicated as being abso lutely required by the state of the cable, but signals—unintelligible—pass every moment through it to show that it is uninjured. The speaking, when required, is performed by an apparatus invented by Mr. Desauty, the elec trician to the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, and has been used on board the “ Great Eastern ” up to the time of her sailing, the employes having been thoroughly trained with manipulation. Five ordinary cells of Darnell's battery are used for signalling, and forty cells of the same apparatus are kept ready for testing insula tion, should it be found necessary to take it from the shore. Each fifty miles of cable paid out is notified to the shore by a signal more than ordinarily emphatic and in an opposite direction from those regularly flowing through the cable to denote its vitality. A similar course is adopted to indicate every fifty miles run by the “ Great Eastern,” and in this way the shore is enabled without conversation with the “ Great Eastern” to keep up a compari son between distance run and cable ex pended. The signal above referred to informed the anxious watchers at Yalentia, at 10 p.m. on Sunday night, that the first fifty miles had been deposited in the sea by the “ Great Eastern,” but before the time had arrived for the next signal some anxiety was created by the discovery that a fault had developed itself in some portion of the cable. The “ Hawk,” a steamer of great power, built some time sinoe for the purpose of being used as a Confederate cruiser, but stopped by the Government, and sinoe purchased by the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, was at once despatched on full steam to the “ Great Eastern,” while the “ Caroline ” went out to the splice, and during the whole of Monday, the 24th, the intelligence having reached London of the hitch that had taken place, there were among the friends of the undertaking great but groundless fears as to the success of the enter prise. At length at 10 a.m. on Tuesday, the welcome intelligence was received that the cable had been cut and repaired, the splice satisfactorily made, and that all was again going well. This favourable state of things has happily continued up to the present time —Wednesday night—and the latest telegram that has been received announces that 200 miles of cable have been payed out by tho “Great Eastern,” and that all is now going on satisfactorily. It is amusing to see the antics of the most pompous of the cheap daily papers, which has earned for itself the cognomen of “ The Little Thunderer,” in relation to the laying of tho cable. It predicts failure, and half rejoices over the “hitch” which oocurred on Monday. Whether the enterprise be successful or not, it is satisfactory to know that wordy newspaper writers had nothing to do with its failure or its success. All of them, no doubt, will be very wise after the event. We observe by our advertising columns that the Directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company are already moving energetically towards the creation of a second cable in the event of the first being successful. A meeting of the shareholders is called for August the 9th, in order to authorise the issue of additional capital, and we understand that the Company has also opened a negociation with the Tele graph Construction and Maintenance Company for the manufacture, during the winter, of this second cable, with a view to its being laid during the summer of 1866. This will enable them to adopt a more popular tariff’ than the one they have just announced, and which they defend in an explanatory statement just issued on the ground that they have no experience as to what the amount or nature of the business may be, and that if the tariff be fixed at such a rate as will attract all kinds of miscellaneous messages it will not be possible to get through the work with the limited means afforded by one cable, and consequently messages of great, moment may bo arrested in their progress and delayed so unreasonably as to bring tho whole affair to a dead look. The oharges, however, are stated to bo only experimental and subject to reduction immediately that it is seen that the cable can efficiently perform a much larger amount of work than is presented for transmission at the high prioes, (To be continued.) THE HISTORY OF AEROSTATION. * I N noticing last week the results of some of the most recent experimental researches in the upper regions of the atmosphere, tho idea that the anterior history of ballooning had had but little justice done to it more than once presented itself to our mind. Our ideas, however, upon this point have since been en tirely reversed by the appearance of the volume now before us upon the subject. It is a fact that, beyond the outlines to be found in encyclopaedias, no general synopsis of tho science of aerostation has hitherto been pub lished in England, with tho exception of Monck Mason’s brief account in 1830. Tho French have had the story of their balloon experiments twice told since 1850, although the number of their ascents and tho list of their aeronauts are both more than doubled by * “Astra Castra, Experiments and Adventures in the Atmosphere,”by Hatton TuuNOR,the Prince Consort’s Own Rifle Brigade, London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Picca-* dilly, 1865. ‘ ;
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